References and sources
[1] NAIC display of premiums and losses (statutory page 14), LINE_NO 1 (Fire), 2019-2024, all 50 US states. Direct premiums written, direct premiums earned, direct losses incurred, commissions and brokerage expenses.
[2] Headwaters Economics, ‘Widespread wildfire insurance issues impact local and state budgets’, August 2025. headwaterseconomics.org
[3] Mwins, ‘Wildfire Insurance: Market Outlook, Claims Trends and Innovative Technology’, October 2024. amwins.com
[4] NAIC CIPR, ‘Trial by Fire: Reimagining Wildfire Insurance in California’, Journal of Insurance Regulation, 2025. content.naic.org
[5] Insurance Information Institute (Triple-I), ‘Signs of reform in commercial property insurance’, December 2024. Marsh McLennan citing Q4 2023. Insurance Industry Blog.iii.org
[6] Insurance Business America/Swiss Re Sigma, ‘US P&C market headed for strong 2024’, September 2023.
[7] Triple-I/Milliman, ‘Inflation, higher interest rates and disasters contribute to 2023 underwriting losses’, Q4 2023. businesswire.com
[8] S&P Global Market Intelligence, ‘In industry first, US P&C insurers exceed $1 trillion in direct annual premiums’, March 2025. spglobal.com
[9] Deep Sky Climate, ‘Insurers are backing out as 2025 wildfire risk reaches dangerous levels’. deepskyclimate.com
[10] Taxpayers for Common Sense, ‘California’s Wildfire Insurance Crisis’, 2025. taxpayer.net
[11] US Congressional Research Service, ‘Homeowners Insurance and California Wildfires’, January 2025.
[12] S&P Global/Swiss Re Sigma, 2024-2025 US P&C Outlook. spglobal.com / swissre.com
[13] IMA Financial Group, ‘Property and casualty markets in focus in Q1 2025’, April 2025. imacorp.com
[14] Al Jazeera/California FAIR Plan, ‘LA wildfires: Is insurance the next battlefield?’, January 2025. aljazeera.com